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Additional Study Materials

icpsr-2

ICPSR

Information regarding archive to which this product belongs.

Distributor(s)

The name of the organization(s) that supported the production and/or archiving of these data, along with associated Grant Number(s).

Funder

License

Any commonly known scales used to collect data for the study (e.g., psychological scales such as MMPI and CPI, or occupational scales such as the Census Occupational Codes). The inclusion of a common scale should be identified in the documentation associated with this dataset and confirmed by variable names or labels. If the questionnaire used has a finite list of responses, such as 'Always,' 'Sometimes,' 'Rarely,' and 'Never,' or 'Strongly Agree,' 'Agree,' 'Disagree,' and 'Strongly Disagree,' then 'A Likert-type scale was used' or 'Several Likert-type scales were used' is entered in this field. The scales can be cited either as a list or described in full sentences.

Data Collection Scales

A description of the criteria for using weights in the analysis of a data collection. If a weighting formula or coefficient was developed, a formula should be provided, including a definition of the elements and how the formula is applied to the data.

Weight

Analysis Notes

A DOI, or Digital Object Identifier, is a string of numbers, letters and symbols used to uniquely identify an article or document, and to provide it with a permanent web address.

The name by which a data collection may be commonly referred to, or as provided by the PI.

Alternate Titles

The format of the dataset(s) in the collection

Data Formats

The language(s) used in the product's content

Language

Contains information regarding any limitations on use or restrictions on access to the file.

Restrictions

The identification number for this study within ICPSR.

Study Number

A subject term indicates what the study is about and summarizes its content in order to increase its findability. Subject Terms follow the ICPSR Subject Terms Thesaurus and the Library of Congress Subject Terms.

Subject Terms

Description

Describes the entity being analyzed in the study. Possible values: Individual; Organization; Family; Family.Household family; Household; Housing Unit; Event/Process; Geographic Unit; Time Unit; Text Unit; Group; Object; Other

Analysis Units

The method(s) used to collect the data. </div><ul><li>audio computer-assisted self interview (ACASI) -- Interview administered by the respondent, without an interviewer, assisted by a computer with audio prompts.</li><li>audiovisual touch-screen computer-assisted self-interview (AVT-CASI) -- Interview administered by the respondent, without an interviewer, assisted by a touchscreen computer.</li><li>coded on-site observation -- Observation that is conducted in a natural environment.</li><li>coded video observation -- Observation that is conducted by video.</li><li>cognitive assessment test -- Assessment of knowledge, skills, aptitude, or educational achievement by means of specialized measures or tests.</li><li>computer-assisted personal interview (CAPI) -- Data collection method in which the interviewer reads questions to the respondents from the screen of a computer, laptop, or a mobile device like tablet or smartphone, and enters the answers in the same device. The administration of the interview is managed by a specifically designed program/application.</li><li>computer-assisted self-interview (CASI) -- Respondents enter the responses into a computer (desktop, laptop, Palm/PDA, tablet, etc.) by themselves. The administration of the questionnaire is managed by a specifically designed program/application but there is no real-time data transfer as in CAWI, the answers are stored on the device used for the interview. The questionnaire may be fixed form or interactive. Includes VCASI (Video computer-assisted self-interviewing), ACASI (Audio computer-assisted self-interviewing) and TACASI (Telephone audio computer-assisted self-interviewing).</li><li>computer-assisted telephone interview (CATI) -- The interviewer asks questions as directed by a computer, responses are keyed directly into the computer and the administration of the interview is managed by a specifically designed program.</li><li>face-to-face interview -- Data collection method in which a live interviewer conducts a personal interview, presenting questions and entering the responses. Use this broader term if not CAPI or PAPI, or if not known whether CAPI/PAPI or not.</li><li>mail questionnaire -- Self-administered survey using a traditional paper questionnaire delivered and/or collected by mail (postal services).</li><li>mixed mode -- Use when there are two or more modes of collection.</li><li>on-site questionnaire -- Data collection method in which the information is gathered on-site.</li><li>paper and pencil interview (PAPI) -- The interviewer uses a traditional paper questionnaire to read the questions and enter the answers.</li><li>record abstracts -- Presentation of information in a condensed form, by reducing it to its main points. For example, abstracts of interviews or reports that are published and used as data rather than the full-length interviews or reports.</li><li>remote sensing -- The acquisition of information about an object or phenomenon without making physical contact with the object, especially the Earth. In current usage, the term 'remote sensing' generally refers to the use of satellite- or aircraft-based sensor technologies to detect and classify objects on Earth.</li><li>self-enumerated questionnaire -- Data collection method in which the respondent reads or listens to the questions, and enters the responses by him/herself; no live interviewer is present, or participates in the questionnaire administration. If possible, use a narrower term. Use this broader term if the method is not described by any of the narrower terms - for example, for PDF and diskette questionnaires.</li><li>telephone audio computer-assisted self interview (TACASI) -- Interview administered by the respondent, without an interviewer, on the telephone, assisted by a computer.</li><li>telephone interview -- Interview administered on the telephone. Use this broader term if not CATI, or if not known whether CATI or not.</li><li>web-based survey -- An interview conducted via the Internet. For example, interviews conducted within online forums or using web-based audio-visual technology that enables the interviewer(s) and interviewee(s) to communicate in real time.</li><li>web scraping -- A technique employed to extract large amounts of data from websites whereby the data is extracted and saved to a local file or to a database.</li></ui>

Mode of Data Collection

Data Source

<div><div>Contains information describing the type of data included in the file.</div><div>Possible values:</div><ul><li>Administrative records data -- Information collected on individuals or groups as part of the routine administrative procedures of an agency, business, or institution. Such data are not usually collected with research purposes in mind, may be voluminous, and may require preparation such as coding in order to be usable by researchers. Examples include income tax forms, patent applications, death certificates, etc.</li><li>Aggregate data -- Data compiled into summaries or summary reports, typically for the purposes of public reporting or statistical analysis.</li><li>Audio: sound data -- Sound data recorded either in analog or digital form.</li><li>Census/enumeration data -- Data collected from all members of a population.</li><li>Clinical data -- Data related to psychological or medical testing.</li><li>Event/transaction data -- Data that deal with a succession of events or transactions occurring over a specified time period.</li><li>Experimental data -- Data collected from experiments that are not clinical in nature.</li><li>Geographic information system (GIS) data -- Data that captures positions and spatial patterns on Earth’s surface.</li><li>Images: photographs, drawings, graphical representations -- Data recorded as a still image.</li><li>Medical records -- Health-related data that is associated with regular patient care.</li><li>Observational data -- Data collected through observation, with the research subject not directly involved in the recording of information.</li><li>Program source code -- Human-readable instructions that a programmer writes to specify the actions to be performed bya computer.</li><li>Roll call voting data -- Records of votes cast by legislative bodies.</li><li>Survey data -- Data collected from a sample of respondents, generally through structured interviews or self-administered questionnaires.</li><li>Text -- Written work, readable by a machine or human.</li><li>Video: film, animation, etc -- Moving image with, or without sound recorded either in analog or digital form.</li></ul>

Data Type(s)

Describes the procedures the researchers used to contact subjects and/or to collect the data. Such detail could include how surveys were prepared and administered, how interviews were conducted, or how the data were obtained and compiled, as well as information about deadlines and follow-ups to respondents.

Study Design

Describes the concept of the study in detail. The information is similar to that in the Summary field, but more detailed. Such information can include descriptions of the purpose, objectives, and what researchers intended to achieve, as well as lists of questions that the study sought to answer. Historical or background information about the research project is relevant to this field as well.

Study Purpose

The smallest geographic unit represented in the data that can be analyzed. Possible values: Area code Administrative region Block Census Block Census Block group Census division Census enumeration area Census region Census tract City Congressional district Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area (CMSA) Continent Core-based statistical area Country County District Ecological zone Electoral district Electoral ward Enumeration area Federal court district FIPS code Geo-political unit (GPU) Geocoded street location Grid coordinates Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) Municipality Neighborhood Neighborhood cluster Other Police district Police jurisdiction Police patrol/beat Police precinct Police sector Postal code Prefecture Primary Metropolitan Statistical Area (PMSA) Primary Sampling Units (PSUs) Province Public use microdata area (PUMA) School district State State legislative district Street address Territory Town Township Traffic analysis zone (TAZ) United Kingdom Standard Statistical Regions (SSR) University campus Village Voting Precinct Ward Watershed Zip Code</div>

Smallest Geographic Unit

The percentage of respondents in the sample who participated in the study.

Response Rates

Describes how the cases that appear in the study were selected (e.g., random, convenience, snowball). The sample is a selection out of the universe of all possible relevant cases (e.g. adults in the United States, housing units in three counties of Michigan, etc.) that could have been included in the study. A detailed discussion of such things as sampling error or other limitations of the sampling methodology is not required here. If the sampling description is available in a printed publication, a complete citation may be provided. Note that some studies, such as censuses, do not utilize samples but include all members of the universe.

Sampling Method

The time dimension in which the data were collected and framed, ex. longitudinal, cross-sectional, etc.</div><ul><li>Longitudinal -- Data collected repeatedly over time to study change in a population.</li><li>Longitudinal:Cohort/Event-based -- Data collected over time about a group of individuals that are connected in some way or have shared some significant experience within a given period. Examples: birth, disease, education, employment, family formation, participation in an event.</li><li>Longitudinal:Trend/Repeated Cross--section -- Studies different samples /groups of people from the same population at several points in time, using the same set of questions/variables. Conclusions are drawn for the population. Examples: public opinion polls, elections studies, etc.</li><li>Longitudinal:Panel -- Data collected over time from, or about, the same sample of respondents.</li><li>Longitudinal:Panel:Continuous -- Reports from the panel are collected on a regular basis.</li><li>Longitudinal:Panel:Interval -- Measurements are taken only when information is needed.</li><li>Time Series -- Data collected repeatedly over time to study change in observations. These are typically 'objective' measurements of phenomena that can be observed externally, as opposed to attitudes/opinions or feelings. Examples: economic/financial indicators, natural/meteorological phenomena, vital statistics, etc.</li><li>Time Series:Continuous -- Phenomena are measured at every instant of time. Examples: lie detectors, electrocardiograms, etc.</li><li>Time Series:Discrete -- Measurements are taken at (usually regularly) spaced intervals. Examples: macroeconomics (weekly share prices, monthly profits, sales, etc.), meteorology (daily rainfall, hourly temperature, etc.), sociology (crime figures, employment figures, etc.).</li><li>Cross-sectional -- Data about a population are obtained only once.</li><li>Cross-sectional ad-hoc follow-up -- Data collected at one point in time to complete information collected in a previous cross-sectional study; the decision to collect follow-up data is not included in the study design.</li></ul>

Time Methods

Lists significant variables that are present in the data files distributed for public release, particularly demographic variables.

Description of Variables

Methodology

Tells when the data were physically collected. The Collection Time Frame field is a text description of the collection dates or collection date ranges.

Date of Collection

A description of technical details and other characteristics of the data collection (such as unique authoring, dissemination, or processing information) that cannot be recorded in the other metadata fields but constitute important information for the user.

Collection Notes

The group of persons or other elements that are the object of the study and to which the study results refer. Age, nationality, and residence commonly help to delineate a given universe, but any of a number of factors may be involved, such as sex, race, income, veteran status, criminal convictions, etc. The universe may consist of elements other than persons, such as housing units, court cases, deaths, countries, etc. In general, it should be possible to tell from the description of the universe whether a given individual or element (hypothetical or real) is a member of the population under study.

Universe

Scope

Date when the data collection was first distributed by ICPSR.

Original Release Date

A summary description of changes that have been made to the data collection since its last release. This field constitutes the de facto change history for a data collection.

Version History

The current version number for this data collection.

Version

Philippa Clarke

Grace Noppert

Robert Melendez

Megan Chenoweth

Lindsay Gypin

These datasets contain measures of socioeconomic and demographic characteristics by US census tract for the years 1990-2020 and ZIP code tabulation area (ZCTA) for the years 2008-2020. Example measures include population density; population distribution by race, ethnicity, age, and income; income inequality by race and ethnicity; and proportion of population living below the poverty level, receiving public assistance, and female-headed or single parent families with kids. The datasets also contain a set of theoretically derived measures capturing neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage and affluence, as well as a neighborhood index of Hispanic, foreign born, and limited English.

Clarke, Philippa

Noppert, Grace

Melendez, Robert

Chenoweth, Megan

Gypin, Lindsay

https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/studies/38528/versions/V4/download/sas?path=/pcms/studies/0/3/8/5/38528/V4

https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/studies/38528/versions/V4/download/spss?path=/pcms/studies/0/3/8/5/38528/V4

https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/studies/38528/versions/V4/download/stata?path=/pcms/studies/0/3/8/5/38528/V4

https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/studies/38528/versions/V4/download/ascii?path=/pcms/studies/0/3/8/5/38528/V4

https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/studies/38528/versions/V4/download/rdata?path=/pcms/studies/0/3/8/5/38528/V4

https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/studies/38528/versions/V4/download/delimited?path=/pcms/studies/0/3/8/5/38528/V4

United States Department of Health and Human Services. Administration for Community Living. National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research

United States Department of Health and Human Services. National Institutes of Health. National Institute on Aging

United States Department of Health and Human Services. National Institutes of Health. National Institute of Nursing Research

United States Department of Health and Human Services. National Institutes of Health. National Center on Minority Health and Health Disparities

Digital Object Identifier

National Neighborhood Data Archive (NaNDA): Socioeconomic Status and Demographic Characteristics of Census Tracts and ZIP Code Tabulation Areas, United States, 1990-2020

National Neighborhood Data Archive (NaNDA): Socioeconomic Status and Demographic Characteristics of Census Tracts and ZIP Code Tabulation Areas, United States, 1990-2020

Study details

Data & documentation

Study-level documentation

Datasets in this study

Variables

Funder information

National Neighborhood Data Archive (NaNDA): Socioeconomic Status and Demographic Characteristics of Census Tracts and ZIP Code Tabulation Areas, United States, 1990-2020

Study details

Data & documentation

Study-level documentation

Datasets in this study

Variables

Related publications

Funder information